@Article{Aaron-MorrisonAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDEJLDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHRHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSJSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSWSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVVAVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXYYYYYZZZZZZLGMOSVAGMRY:2017:StCl20,
author = "Aaron-Morrison, A. P. and Ackerman, S. A. and Adams, N. G. and
Adler, R. F. and Albanil, A. and Alfaro, E. J. and Allan, R. and
Alves, Lincoln Muniz and Amador, J. A. and Andreassen, L. M. and
Arendt, A. and Ar{\'e}valo, J. and Arndt, D. S. and Arzhanova, N.
M. and Aschan, M. M. and Azorin-Molina, C. and Banzon, V. and
Bardin, M. U. and Barichivich, J. and Baringer, M. O. and
Barreira, S. and Baxter, S. and Bazo, J. and Becker, A. and Bedka,
K. M. and Behrenfeld, M. J. and Bell, G. D. and Belmont, M. and
Benedetti, A. and Bernhard, G. and Berrisford, P. and Berry, D. I.
and Bettolli, M. L. and Bhatt, U. S. and Bidegain, M. and Bill, B.
D. and Billheimer, S. and Bissolli, P. and Blake, E. S. and
Blunden, J. and Bosilovich, M. G. and Boucher, O. and Boudet, D.
and Box, J. E. and Boyer, T. and Braathen, G. O. and Bromwich, D.
H. and Brown, R. and Bulygina, O. N. and Burgess, D. and
Calder{\'o}n, B. and Camargo, S. J. and Campbell, J. D. and
Cappelen, J. and Carrasco, G. and Carter, B. R. and Chambers, D.
P. and Chandler, E. and Christiansen, H. H. and Christy, J. R. and
Chung, D. and Chung, E. -S. and Cinque, K. and Clem, K. R. and
Coelho, Caio Augusto dos Santos and Cogley, J. G. and
Coldewey-Egbers, M. and Colwell, S. and Cooper, O. R. and Copland,
L. and Cosca, C. E. and Cross, J. N. and Crotwell, M. J. and
Crouch, J. and Davis, S. M. and De Eyto, E. and De Jeu, R. A. M.
and De Laat, J. and Degasperi, C. L. and Degenstein, D. and
Demircan, M. and Derksen, C. and Destin, D. and Di Girolamo, L.
and Di Giuseppe, F. and Diamond, H. J. and Dlugokencky, E. J. and
Dohan, K. and Dokulil, M. T. and Dolgov, A. V. and Dolman, A. J.
and Domingues, C. M. and Donat, M. G. and Dong, S. and Dorigo, W.
A. and Dortch, Q. and Doucette, G. and Drozdov, D. S. and Ducklow,
H. and Dunn, R. J. H. and Dur{\'a}n-Quesada, A. M. and Dutton, G.
S. and Ebrahim, A. and Elkharrim, M. and Elkins, J. W. and
Espinoza, J. C. and Etienne-Leblanc, S. and Evans and E. , T. and
III and Famiglietti, J. S. and Farrell, S. and Fateh, S. and
Fausto, R. S. and Fedaeff, N. and Feely, R. A. and Feng, Z. and
Fenimore, C. and Fettweis, X. and Fioletov, V. E. and Flemming, J.
and Fogarty, C. T. and Fogt, R. L. and Folland, C. and Fonseca, C.
and Fossheim, M. and Foster, M. J. and Fountain, A. and Francis,
S. D. and Franz, B. A. and Frey, R. A. and Frith, S. M. and
Froidevaux, L. and Ganter, C. and Garzoli, S. and Gerland, S. and
Gobron, N. and Goldenberg, S. B. and Gomez, R. S. and Goni, G. and
Goto, A. and GrooB, J. -U. and Gruber, A. and Guard, C. C. and
Gugliemin, M. and Gupta, S. K. and Guti{\'e}rrez, J. M. and
Hagos, S. and Hahn, S. and Haimberger, L. and Hakkarainen, J. and
Hall, B. D. and Halpert, M. S. and Hamlington, B. D. and Hanna, E.
and Hansen, K. and Hanssen-Bauer, I. and Harris, I. and Heidinger,
A. K. and Heikkil{\"a}, A. and Heil, A. and Heim and R. , R. and
Jr. and Hendricks, S. and Hern{\'a}ndez, M. and Hidalgo, H. G.
and Hilburn, K. and Ho, S. -P. B. and Holmes, R. M. and Hu, Z. -Z.
and Huang, B. and Huelsing, H. K. and Huffman, G. J. and Hughes,
C. and Hurst, D. F. and Ialongo, I. and Ijampy, J. A. and
Ingvaldsen, R. B. and Inness, A. and Isaksen, K. and Ishii, M. and
Jevrejeva, S. and Jim{\'e}nez, C. and Jin, X. and Johannesen, E.
and John, V. and Johnsen, B. and Johnson, B. and Johnson, G. C.
and Jones, P. D. and Joseph, A. C. and Jumaux, G. and Kabidi, K.
and Kaiser, J. W. and Kato, S. and Kazemi, A. and Keller, L. M.
and Kendon, M. and Kennedy, J. and Kerr, K. and Kholodov, A. L.
and Khoshkam, M. and Killick, R. and Kim, H. and Kim, S. -J. and
Kimberlain, T. B. and Klotzbach, P. J. and Knaff, J. A. and
Kobayashi, S. and Kohler, J. and Korhonen, J. and Korshunova, N.
N. and Kovacs, K. M. and Kramarova, N. and Kratz, D. P. and
Kruger, A. and Kruk, M. C. and Kudela, R. and Kumar, A. and
Lakatos, M. and Lakkala, K. and Lander, M. A. and Landsea, C. W.
and Lankhorst, M. and Lantz, K. and Lazzara, M. A. and Lemons, P.
and Leuliette, E. and L'Heureux, M. and Lieser, J. L. and Lin, I.
-I. and Liu, H. and Liu, Y. and Locarnini, R. and Loeb, N. G. and
Lo Monaco, C. and Long, C. S. and L{\'o}pez {\'A}lvarez, L. A.
and Lorrey, A. M. and Loyola, D. and Lumpkin, R. and Luo, J. -J.
and Luojus, K. and Lydersen, C. and Lyman, J. M. and Maberly, S.
C. and Maddux, B. C. and Malheiros Ramos, Andrea and Malkova, G.
V. and Manney, G. and Marcellin, V. and Marchenko, S. S. and
Marengo, J. A. and Marra, J. J. and Marszelewski, W. and Martens,
B. and Mart{\'{\i}}nez-G{\"u}ingla, R. and Massom, R. A. and
Mata, M. M. and Mathis, J. T. and May, L. and Mayer, M. and
Mazloff, M. and McBride, C. and McCabe, M. F. and McCarthy, M. and
McClelland, J. W. and McGree, S. and McVicar, T. R. and Mears, C.
A. and Meier, W. and Meinen, C. S. and Mekonnen, A. and
Men{\'e}ndez, M. and Mengistu Tsidu, G. and Menzel, W. P. and
Merchant, C. J. and Meredith, M. P. and Merrifield, M. A. and
Metzl, N. and Minnis, P. and Miralles, D. G. and Mistelbauer, T.
and Mitchum, G. T. and Monselesan, D. and Monteiro, P. and
Montzka, S. A. and Morice, C. and Mote, T. and Mudryk, L. and
M{\"u}hle, J. and Mullan, A. B. and Nash, E. R. and
Naveira-Garabato, A. C. and Nerem, R. S. and Newman, P. A. and
Nieto, J. J. and Noetzli, J. and O'Neel, S. and Osborn, T. J. and
Overland, J. and Oyunjargal, L. and Parinussa, R. M. and Park, E.
-H. and Parker, D. and Parrington, M. and Parsons, A. R. and
Pasch, R. J. and Pascual-Ram{\'{\i}}rez, R. and Paterson, A. M.
and Paulik, C. and Pearce, P. R. and Pelto, M. S. and Peng, L. and
Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E. and Perovich, D. and Petropavlovskikh,
I. and Pezza, A. B. and Phillips, D. and Pinty, B. and Pitts, M.
C. and Pons, M. R. and Porter, A. O. and Primicerio, R. and
Proshutinsky, A. and Quegan, S. and Quintana, J. and Rahimzadeh,
F. and Rajeevan, M. and Randriamarolaza, L. and Razuvaev, V. N.
and Reagan, J. and Reid, P. and Reimer, C. and R{\'e}my, S. and
Renwick, J. A. and Revadekar, J. V. and Richter-Menge, J. and
Riffler, M. and Rimmer, A. and Rintoul, S. and Robinson, D. A. and
Rodell, M. and Rodr{\'{\i}}guez Sol{\'{\i}}s, J. L. and
Romanovsky, V. E. and Ronchail, J. and Rosenlof, K. H. and Roth,
C. and Rusak, J. A. and Sabine, C. L. and Sall{\'e}e, J. -B. and
S{\'a}nchez-Lugo, A. and Santee, M. L. and Sawaengphokhai, P. and
Sayouri, A. and Scambos, T. A. and Schemm, J. and Schladow, S. G.
and Schmid, C. and Schmid, M. and Schmidtko, S. and Schreck and J.
, C. and III and Selkirk, H. B. and Send, U. and Sensoy, S. and
Setzer, Alberto Waingort and Sharp, M. and Shaw, A. and Shi, L.
and Shiklomanov, A. I. and Shiklomanov, N. I. and Siegel, D. A.
and Signorini, S. R. and Sima, F. and Simmons, A. J. and Smeets,
C. J. P. P. and Smith, S. L. and Spence, J. M. and Srivastava, A.
K. and Stackhouse and W. , P. and Jr. and Stammerjohn, S. and
Steinbrecht, W. and Stella, J. L. and Stengel, M. and
Stennett-Brown, R. and Stephenson, T. S. and Strahan, S. and
Streletskiy, D. A. and Sun-Mack, S. and Swart, S. and Sweet, W.
and Talley, L. D. and Tamar, G. and Tank, S. E. and Taylor, M. A.
and Tedesco, M. and Teubner, K. and Thoman, R. L. and Thompson, P.
and Thomson, L. and Timmermans, M. -L. and Tirnanes, J. A. and
Tobin, S. and Trachte, K. and Trainer, V. L. and Tretiakov, M. and
Trewin, B. C. and Trotman, A. R. and Tschudi, M. and Van As, D.
and Van De Wal, R. S. W. and van der A., R. J. and Van Der
Schalie, R. and Van Der Schrier, G. and Van Der Werf, G. R. and
Van Meerbeeck, C. J. and Velicogna, I. and Verburg, P. and
Vigneswaran, B. and Vincent, L. A. and Volkov, D. and Vose, R. S.
and Wagner, W. and Wahlin, A. and Wahr, J. and Walsh, J. and Wang,
C. and Wang, J. and Wang, L. and Wang, M. and Wang, S. -H. and
Wanninkhof, R. and Watanabe, S. and Weber, M. and Weller, R. A.
and Weyhenmeyer, G. A. and Whitewood, R. and Wijffels, S. E. and
Wilber, A. C. and Wild, J. D. and Willett, K. M. and Williams, M.
J. M. and Willie, S. and Wolken, G. and Wong, T. and Wood, E. F.
and Woolway, R. I. and Wouters, B. and Xue, Y. and Yamada, R. and
Yim, S. -Y. and Yin, X. and Young, S. H. and Yu, L. and Zahid, H.
and Zambrano, E. and Zhang, P. and Zhao, G. and Zhou, L. and
Ziemke, J. R. and Love-Brotak, S. E. and Gilbert, K. and Maycock,
T. and Osborne, S. and Sprain, M. and Veasey, S. W. and Ambrose,
B. J. and Griffin, J. and Misch, D. J. and Riddle, D. B. and
Young, T.",
affiliation = "{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {Instituto Nacional de
Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais
(INPE)} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {Instituto Nacional de
Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
title = "State of the climate in 2016",
journal = "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society",
year = "2017",
volume = "98",
number = "8",
pages = "Si-S280",
keywords = "Atmospheric temperature, Carbon dioxide, Climate change, Drought,
Earth atmosphere, Greenhouse gases, Hurricanes, Insurance, Nickel,
Nitrogen oxides, Observatories, Oceanography, Ozone, Ozone layer,
Precipitation (meteorology), Satellites, Sea ice, Sea level, Snow,
Storms, Submarine geophysics, Surface measurement, Surface
properties, Surface waters, Atmospheric measurement, Carbon
dioxide concentrations, Increasing temperatures, Land surface
temperature, Lower stratospheric temperature, Precipitation
variability, Sea surface temperature (SST), Stratospheric ozone
depletion, Ice.",
abstract = "In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's
atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to
increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 ± 0.1 ppm rise in
global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the
largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement
record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at
Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 ± 0.1 ppm) for the first
time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core
records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest
El Niño events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a
weak La Niña evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to
the combination of El Niño conditions early in the year and a
long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for
a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by
which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the
annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to
all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature
was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite
datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported
record high annual temperatures while many others observed
near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over
the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures
surpassing 44°C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million
people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface
temperature was 2.0°C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the
previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8°C, representing a
3.5°C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing
temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and
thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the
growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite
record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The
September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for
the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010
average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin,
making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the
Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute
\∼7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The
onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in
the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record
high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015
by about 0.01°C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the
21st centuryto-date of +0.162°C decade-1 is much higher than the
longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100°C decade-1. Global annual
mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth
consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw
a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier
retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate
that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass
balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month
from February to June was among its four least extensive in the
47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface,
record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all
permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the
Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the
Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at
many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high
index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure
records for August and November were set at several stations.
During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents
were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5
standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low
sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values
observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic
stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the
1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to
pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms
were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but
fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North
Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced
above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its
least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in
1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson
category 5 intensity level. The strong El Niño at the beginning of
the year that transitioned to a weak La Niña contributed to
enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet
conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South
America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay,
and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for
eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought
conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United
States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since
2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so,
the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among
the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12%
of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse,
the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil,
drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year,
making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry
conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was
Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with
abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western
Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire
burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in
Canadian history, with \$3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured
losses.",
doi = "10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.2",
url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.2",
issn = "0003-0007",
label = "isi 2017-120-05
Aaron-MorrisonAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDEJLDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVVAVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXYYYYYZZZZZZLGMOSVAGMRY:2017:StCl20",
language = "en",
targetfile = "state.pdf",
url = "https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85028835793\&doi=10.1175%2f2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.2\&partnerID=40\&md5=b977ef5ed8631069d7e52fb8fc5c82c1",
urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}